Mobile ad hoc network congestion control is a significant problem. Standard mechanism for congestion control (TCP), the ability to run certain features of a wireless network, several mutations are not common. In particular, the enormous changes in the network topology and the joint nature of the wireless network. It also creates significant challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), density is one of the most important limitations that disrupts the function of the entire network, after multi-path routing can load balance in relation to the single-path routing in ad hoc networks better, so the traffic division multiple routs congestion is reduced. This study is a multipath load balancing and congestion control based on the speed of rate control mechanism to avoid congestion in the network provides communication flows. Given such a speed control method that is consistent is that the destination node copy speed is estimated at intermediate nodes and its reflection in the In the forward direction confirmation to the sender sends a packet, therefore the rate quickly estimate The results of the simulation has been set to demonstrate that a given method better package delivery speed and expanded capacity and density to be effective checks congestion control method is better than The result traditional.

One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.

The congestion economic concept has recently discussed in DEA (data envelopment analysis) studied and congestion has obtained with different approaches. Also determining of wide congestion and to measure degree of wide congestion is introduced [12]. We know that inefficiency of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) is necessary condition in order to congestion present, also for determining congestion of DMU, first we obtain its projection on frontier efficiency and then we evaluate its projection congestion. Now, it arise a logical question: whether we able project an inefficient DMU on frontier efficient, in practically? Therefore, for answer this question we suggested layer-congestion idea. In other words, layer-congestion is worthwhile when a DMU cannot remove its inefficiency. This paper introduced layer congestion in order to remove congestion of evaluated unit, and it measure degree of wide congestion in different layers.

Objective In this paper, we try to examine a sample of Internet users to determine the impact of electroniccenteredness of the users’ lifestyle, the users’ previous experience of admitting or dealing with advertisement, and the number and the manner of advertising on one webpage on their avoidance of online advertisement. By being involved in the Internet environment, we refer to the use of all pages of websites, blogs, computer software and mobile phones. The study of the effectiveness of these factors on users’ avoidance of internet advertising provides some solutions to strengthen the effectiveness of internet advertising and reduce its avoidance. Methodology The present descriptive survey research is applied in nature. In order to analyze the data, the Structural Equation Modeling based on partial least squares method has been explioted using Smart PLS software. The statistical population of this research consists of all the students of Islamic Azad University of Rasht in Guilan province. A randomized simple sampling method was used to select the statistical sample. Using Cochran sampling formula (5% error), the number of sample members was calculated to be 385 people. In addition, data collection was done through field survey using a questionnaire. Findings The results of the hypotheses and the significant coefficients show that all the hypotheses were confirmed at 95% confidence level. The results of analysis of research hypotheses showed that ITbased lifestyle of individuals has a significant negative effect on the avoidance of internet advertising. That is, the more people are affected by the Internet and the so-called Internet user involvement, the less their avoidance of advertising. The congestion of ads on the WebPages affects the level of avoidance of those advertisements and the users avoid advertising messages on the Internet because of such bustle and clutter. Moreover, the users’ previous negative experience of online advertising was found to be effective in avoiding advertising within the Internet. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the users’ perceived congestion of advertising is effective on avoiding Internet advertising. The high number of ads on a single webpage makes the visitor frustrated by such clutter and bustle. If the user has adopted an Internet-based lifestyle that makes him/her spend more hours using the Internet, then this situation will annoy him/her more than the others. An IT-based lifestyle user will probably do a lot of the work related to his job with the Internet for example he uses the Internet in banking, as well as for many entertainment, shopping or accessing the information. Therefore, the existence of an element that circumvents or disturbs them from these goals affects the relationship between IT-based lifestyle and the avoidance of advertising, and exacerbates that relationship which leads to an increase in avoiding advertising. Based on the results of the research, the previous negative experience can also affect the relationship between the user and the internetbased lifestyle and avoidance of internet advertising. Having a negative experience makes it possible for a user with an Internet-based lifestyle to feel that he does not consider advertisement improve his performance on the Internet, or even lower the attractiveness of advertising for him. Accordingly, advertisers and marketers must be aware of all these prevailing conditions in digital environment and they should be moving toward purposeful advertising by building trust and understanding of their customers’ IT-based lifestyles.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a branch of management, concerned with evaluating the performances of homogeneous Decision Making Units (DMUs). The performances of DMUs are affected by the amount of sources that DMUs used. Usually increases in inputs cause increases in outputs.However, there are situations where increase in one or more inputs generate a reduction in one or more outputs. In such situations there is congestion in inputs or production process. In this study, we review the approaches that are available in the DEA literature for evaluating congestion. Also we introduce a model to compute output losses due to congestion. Then, we present the results of the mentioned models on an empirical example and interpret the results.

Background: Among the indices able to replace invasive central venous pressure (CVP) measurement for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) the diameters of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and their respiratory fluctuations, so-called IVC collapsibility index (IVCCI), measured by echocardiography, have recently gained ground as a quite reliable proxy of CVP.Objectives: The aims of our study were to compare three different ways of evaluating cardiac overload by using the IVC diameters and/or respiratory fluctuations and by calculating the inter-method agreementPatients and Methods: Medical records of patients hospitalized for right or bi-ventricular acute decompensated heart failure from January to December 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. The predictive significance of the IVC expiratory diameter and IVC collapsibility index (IVCCI) was analyzed using three different methods, namely a) the criteria for the indirect estimate of right atrial pressure by Rudski et al. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010), b) the categorization into three IVCCI classes by Stawicki et al. (J Am Coll Surg. 2009), and c) the subdivision based on the value of the maximum IVC diameter by Pellicori et al. (JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013).Results: Among forty-seven enrolled patients, those classified as affected by persistent congestion were 22 (46.8%) using Rudski’s criteria, or 16 (34%) using Stawicki’s criteria, or 13 (27.6%) using Pellicori’s criteria. The inter-rater agreement was rather poor by comparing Rudski’s criteria with those of Stawicki (Cohen’s kappa=0.369, 95% CI 0.197 to 0.54), as well as by comparing Rudski’s criteria with those of Pellicori (Cohen’s kappa=0.299, 95% CI 0.135 to 0.462). Further, a substantially unsatisfactory concordance was also found for Stawicki’s criteria compared to those of Pellicori (Cohen’s kappa=0.468, 95% CI 0.187 to 0.75).Conclusions: The abovementioned IVC ultrasonographic criteria for hemodynamic congestion appear clearly inconsistent. Alternatively, a sequential or simultaneous combination of clinical scores of congestion, IVC ultrasonographic indices, and circulating levels of natriuretic peptides could be warranted.

Drivers in urban neighborhoods who patrol streets, seeking inexpensive on-street parking create a significant fraction of measured traffic congestion. The pool of drivers patrolling at any time can be modeled as a queue, where ‘queue service’ is the act of parking in a recently vacated parking space and queue discipline is SIRO – Service In Random Order. We develop a queueing model of such driver behavior, allowing impatient drivers to abandon the queue and to settle for more expensive off-street parking. We then relate the model to the economic theory of congestion pricing, arguing that price differentials between on-street and off-street parking should be reduced in order to reduce traffic congestion. Reducing the number of "patrolling drivers" often can reduce urban road congestion significantly, in some cases as effectively as technologically expensive road pricing schemes that cordon off the center city.

Drivers in urban neighborhoods who cruise streets, seeking inexpensive on-street parking create a significant fraction of measured traffic congestion. The solution to this problem is to reduce the total traffic volume including cruising traffic by implementing a congestion pricing scheme: the imposition of a usage fee on a limited-capacity resource during times of high demand. We review the history of two alternatives for implementing congestion pricing scheme: road pricing (RP), which involves cordoning off a section of the center city and imposing a fee on all vehicles that enter it; and parking pricing (PP), which increases the costs of on-street and perhaps off-street parking. PP is needed in many environments where a significant fraction of drivers are simply cruising, looking for inexpensive on-street parking. In this paper, we propose a simple method to estimate the number of cruising drivers and the optimal parking price. Our survey in Boston shows that the number of cruising vehicles reaches 10-20% of the total number of parking spaces during peak hours and the required congestion charge (CC) for onstreet parking is at least about $1/ hour.